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Lange was the elder daughter of the history painter Friedrich Lange and Bertha Langes, nee Sckell, a descendant of the landscape gardener Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell.
She spent her youth in Munich and also in Schwerin, her father's home town, where he occasionally took on commissions as a painter. From 1884 to 1889 she studied at the School of Applied Arts in Munich and subsequently ran a chromolithographic art institute on Nymphenburger Straße together with her sister Helene (b. 1875). While Helene eventually ended her career as an artist and married Moritz Döllinger, the great-nephew of the theologian and church historian Ignaz von Döllinger, Laura, together with Martha von Kranz, registered a studio for art and arts and crafts in Luisenstraße in 1894. In 1903, the two artists enrolled at the Debschitz School of Applied and Liberal Arts, which had been founded the year before, where Lange's work received several awards.
Lange and Kranz, who also received training in craftsmanship at Debschitz, ran an arts and crafts studio for bookbinding from 1906 to 1925, which also functioned as a training workshop. The Bavarian Arts and Crafts Association praised the work of the artists, who carried out all the production steps by hand, for their outstanding quality: “A fine artistic taste is coupled with sophisticated craftsmanship in all the work of the von Kranz-Lange studio.”
In the early 1920s, Lange lived temporarily in Bahrenfeld near Hamburg before returning to Munich, where she lived until the 1930s. She spent the last decades of her life in the Upper Bavarian Alps, together with her sister Helene, who was widowed early, Martha von Kranz and other female artists, including Antonie Ritzerow.