Adolphe Mouilleron was born and raised in Paris, Adolphe Mouilleron began exhibiting there at the Salon in 1846. Highly regarded for both his paintings and original lithographs, Mouilleron was awarded medals for his art from the Paris Salon in 1849, 1852 and 1855. He was appointed to the Legion d'honneur in 1852. In 1856 Adolphe Mouilleron moved to Amsterdam and worked in that city for several years. Examples of Alolphe Mouilleron's art can be found in the permanent collections of The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Rijks Museum, Holland, The British Museum, London, the Bibliotheque Nationale de France, and other important private and public collections.

Adolphe Mouilleron, co-founded "Les Artistes Contemporains" (1845-1855), along with Eugene Leroux, Celestin Nanteuil, Francois-Louis Francais and Henri Baron. He was also a contributor to the lithographic series, "Les Artistes Anciens et Modernes" which ran from about 1850 to 1860.