Jules Cayron studied art at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and the Julian Academy, where he studied under Jules Lefevre and Alfred Stevens. Jules Cayron exhibited regularly at the Salon of French artists from 1888.

Cayron excelled in his depiction of elegant ladies from Parisian high society in their fine dresses. His renowned sitters included the Princess of Arenberg and Princess Sixte of Bourbon. He would contribute regularly to the Paris magazine, Le Mode. Not only would he depict their ouftits, he would also design costumes for theatrical productions. He was awarded the Legion of Honour in 1907, an officer of honour in 1927 and a gold medal at the 1937 Exposition in Paris.