Peter Philipp Rumpf was a German painter and etcher.

Rumpf was a son of the confectioner Sebastian Rumpf and Marianne Rumpf, née Melzer. He learned the confectionery trade from his father and began studying sculpture with Johann Nepomuk Zwerger at the Städel Art Institute in Frankfurt in 1836. From 1838 he studied painting with Jakob Becker, Carl Friedrich Wendelstadt, Heinrich von Rustige and Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann.

Rumpf founded an art school for the daughters of the bourgeoisie in 1844, which he ran until 1860. He married in 1845 and visited Paris in 1852, where he viewed the works of Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet. He also visited Munich, Dresden and Northern Italy. Rumpf founded the Kronberg painters' colony in Kronberg im Taunus in 1858 with his fellow student Anton Burger and Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann. In 1875 he moved to Kronberg, and from 1890 he lived in Frankfurt again.

In addition to oil painting, Rumpf also did etchings, watercolors and drawings. In 1888 he was appointed professor and was also court painter to Duke Adolph von Nassau-Weilburg.

His son was the painter Emil Rumpf (1860–1948).