Joseph Scheurenberg was a German portrait, genre and history painter.

From 1863 to 1867 Scheurenberg was a student of Andreas Müller, Carl Müller and Karl Ferdinand Sohn at the Düsseldorf Art Academy, as well as a private student of his nephew Wilhelm Sohn. From 1863 to 1867 Scheurenberg undertook study trips through Europe and in 1879 became a teacher at the Art Academy in Kassel. A professor since 1880, he taught at the Art Academy in Berlin from 1881. In 1899 he received a large gold medal at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition.

Joseph Scheurenberg died in 1914 at the age of 67 in his apartment at Schaperstraße 10 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf. He was buried in the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Cemetery in Charlottenburg (today's district of Berlin-Westend).