Johan Gustaf Köhler was a Swedish painter, draughtsman and drawing teacher.

He was the son of the chamois maker Johan Gustaf Köhler and his wife. Köhler studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm and private studies with Fredric Westin and during a study trip to Germany. He participated several times in the Academy's exhibitions 1822-1845. From a young age, however, he devoted himself mainly to teaching drawing, and was employed as a teacher at the Nya Elementarskolan in Stockholm from 1830 to 1877, and from 1857 to 1878 he also taught at the Academy's Principle School.

His students included Carl Larsson. In 1831 Köhler published a drawing course that was used for a long time and he was appointed agréé at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1858. In addition to his teaching duties, he worked as a freelance artist and between 1838 and 1845 painted a large number of history, interior paintings and portraits, including one of C.J.L. Almqvist. Köhler is represented at the Academy of Fine Arts, Uppsala University's portrait collection, Norrköping Art Museum, Gothenburg Art Museum, the Royal Library, Lund University Library and the National Museum.